Archive-name: sci/chem-faq/part7 Posting-Frequency: monthly Last-modified: 2 October 1997 Version: 1.16 31.11 What is Sarin nerve gas?. Sarin is a nerve gas that was used in 1988 by Iraq against its Kurdish population, and in 1995 by Japanese terrorists against Tokyo subway users. Sarin and its companion nerve gases ( Tabun and Soman ) were discovered in the late 1930s by Gerhard Schrader at I.G.Farben during research into pesticides. The lethal dose for humans may be as low as 0.01mg/kg [18], unless treated immediately. Sarin inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. Acetylcholine carries signals between nerves and muscles, and build-up causes over-stimulation of muscles ( including the involuntary ones controlling eye, lungs, bowel ), which then go into spasms. Treatment involves atropine ( shuts down the overstimulated nerves ), or oxime drugs ( can prise Sarin off the enzyme ), and must be immediate. More details and references can be found in the Merck Index. There are many different methods of manufacture, but the Tokyo product appears to have been prepared using a procedure involving phosphorus trichloride and methyl iodide. The product was impure and diluted with acetonitrile to improve volatility. To stockpile Sarin, the product has to be pure ( 90-99% of the Iraqi Sarin degraded in < 2 years, whereas US Sarin only degraded a few % over 30 years ). The standard US government procedure ( aka "di-di" ) starts with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and ends with a distillation to remove impurities [19]. O O O O CH3 || thionyl || HF || isopropyl || / CH3-P-OCH3 ------> CH3-P-Cl --> CH3-P-F ---------> CH3-P-O-CH | chloride | | alcohol | \ OCH3 Cl F F CH3 DMPP Dichlor Difluor Sarin (GB) 31.12 What are Dioxins?. "Dioxins" are a group of closely-related compounds which are known as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). "dioxins" also commonly includes polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). All organic molecules that contain chlorine are also members of the "organochlorine" family. 1 9 1 9 2/ \ _o_ / \8 2/ \ ___ / \8 | O |_o_| O | | O |_o_| O | 3\ / \ /7 3\ / \ /7 4 6 4 6 Dibenzo-p-dioxin Dibenzofuran As dioxins are fat soluble, they will accumulate in fatty tissue. In general, it is only the biologically active ( molecules containing the 2,3,7,8 substitution ) congeners that accumulate, with levels of the higher homologues predominating [20]. It is important to remember that of all the dioxins and furans, only those containing 4 to 8 chlorine atoms, _and_ with chlorine atoms in the 2,3,7,8 positions are currently considered toxic. The compounds only containing 0 to 3 chlorine atoms are currently not considered toxic, however once all four of the 2,3,7,8 positions are filled, the most toxic congener is created ( 2,3,7,8 TCDD = "dioxin" ). As additional chlorines are added, the toxicity decreases, except that 2,3,4,7,8 pentachlorodibenzofuran is more toxic than 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzofuran. There is evidence that suggests concentrations of dioxins and furans in human adipose tissue are falling [21]. The analysis for dioxin can reliably detect ppq ( parts per quadrillion = picograms/kilogram ) levels, but some evidence suggests dioxins may still have toxic effects at such low levels. The toxicity of dioxins is currently being carefully assessed by the US EPA - who are due to present a comprehensive report in the next few months. The draft of the report, and various reviews, have been available for public comment and external peer review. A good discussion of current perceptions is available in a special report published in the January 1995 Environmental Science and Technology [22], where both sides of the debate are presented. Dioxins can arise naturally from forest fires, but the major sources are from incineration and the manufacture and use of organic chemicals. The most well-known source is perhaps as an impurity in the defoliant Agent Orange which was widely used in Vietnam. Agent Orange was a 50:50 mixture of the n-butyl esters of the herbicides 2,4-D ( 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ) and 2,4,5-T ( 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ), and dioxin was present as an impurity in the 2,4,5-T. Another well known incident was an industrial accident at a 2,4,5-trichlorophenol manufacturing plant in Seveso, Italy on 10 July 1976 which resulted in the release of 1-5 kg of dioxin. Other dioxin sources involve combustion ( leaded gasoline, coal combustion, metallurgical processes )[20]. As the various congeners have differing toxicity, dioxins are usually reported using Toxic Equivalents systems. These assign to each congener a toxicity factor relative to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and these factors are used to calculate the 2,3,7,8-TCDD Toxic Equivalent. The International Toxic Equivalent Factor (I-TEF) system, proposed by the Challenges to Modern Society Committee of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is widely used. Food is the major source of dioxins for humans, and typical dietary intakes in the US for a 65kg adult were estimated to be between 18-192 pgTEQ/day [23], and UK intakes were estimated to be 125 pgTEQ/day [20]. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organisation suggests 10 pg/kg body weight/day for 2,3,7,8-TCDD ( 600 pgTEQ/day for 60kg person ), as a Tolerable Daily Intake, whereas the US-EPA suggests an intake of 0.006 pg/kg/day over a 70 year life will lead to one excess cancer in one million people. Sources of Dioxins in the UK diet pgTEQ/day Meat, meat products, poultry, and offals 38 Cow's milk 23 Fats and oils 19 Milk products 12 Fish 7.7 Eggs, cereal products, fruit, and vegetables 25.3 31.13 What is Red Mercury?. Red mercury is supposed to be a very powerful explosive that is being made in Russian nuclear reactors. According to one report, it is a cherry red and semi-liquid compound of pure mercury and mercury antimony oxide that is irradiated for up to 20 days in a nuclear reactor [24]. It is claimed that when incorporated in a fusion bomb, it can yield sufficient chemical energy to fuse tritium atoms. Experts are sceptical that such an energetic compound could be sufficiently stable to be used as an explosive, and no compelling evidence for the existence of red mercury has yet been produced. 31.14 How do I remove stains and deposits? - Test any planned treatment on an unimportant part of the material first, (spots and holes aren't currently fashionable ). - Chemicals for removing stains are often toxic and corrosive, handle with care, and follow any provided safety instructions. - Often stains are a diverse mix of chemicals, and the best solution is to solubilise as much as possible, remove insoluble material through washing, and then carefully bleach. Chemists should not assume they can perform this process better than housewives. - Some stains are more easily removed by physical means - such as using abrasives ( household cleaning pastes, steel wool, metal polishes, etc ), or freezing solid and scraping ( chewing gum ). - The fresher the stain, the easier to remove. Avoid using hot water or soap on unknown stains, and use solvents (eg glycerine) to help keep the stain fresh. In cases when the stain is known to be water-soluble (eg bird droppings ), it is often preferable to allow the stain to dry and carefully scrape most away, before additional treatment. - When using solvents, apply around the outer edge of the stain and work towards the centre to prevent a stain ring forming. - Many stains result from pigments, and they are seldom soluble, so once the other components are removed, use physical agitation to remove the insoluble material. - Sometimes a dried stain can be "freshened" by using more of the stain before treating - but use this approach very cautiously. There are books on stain removal [25,26,27], and many of the common recipes are also often found in some home-care and cookery books. Home-care magazines also have question and answer sections that frequently include advice on how to remove specific stains. Very few chemical books cover chemical cleaning and stain removal, and smart chemists avoid offering to remove stains :-). Common stains are usually attacked with the household chemical arsenal that may include:- * Absorbents - Cornflour, French chalk, fuller's earth, starch, talcum powder. * Acids - Inorganic = hydrochloric ( galvanising remover, concrete cleaner ). - Organic = acetic ( white vinegar ), citric ( lemon juice ), tartaric ( cream of tartar ) * Alkalis - Sodium hydroxide ( drain cleaner ), ammonia solution, * Bleaches - Sodium hypochlorite solution ( household bleach ), calcium hypochlorite ( bleaching powder ), hydrogen peroxide * Drycleaning Fluids - 1,1,1-trichloroethane, perchloroethylene. * Enzymes - Pepsin * Petroleum Fractions - mineral turpentine, kerosine, gasoline, white spirits. * Sodium carbonate ( washing soda ), sodium bicarbonate ( baking soda ), sodium tetraborate ( borax ). * Solvents - Acetone ( nail polish remover ), amyl acetate, methanol, ethanol ( methylated spirits ), glycerine, toluene, xylenes, iso propyl alcohol. * Terpenes - Eucalyptus oil, citrus oil, camphor Specific Stain Strategies. Ballpoint - methylated spirits, fullers earth, glycerine. Blood - cold salty water, cornflour paste, or dilute bleach. Copper deposits on sink or bathtub - ammonia (1 hr) then detergent. Chewing Gum - freeze, or sponge with eucalyptus oil. Chocolate - methylated spirits, or soak in 5% borax solution Lipstick - glycerine, eucalyptus oil, dry-cleaning fluids. Rust - oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid Tar - toluene, xylenes, eucalyptus oil. Tea or Coffee - glycerine, warm borax solution Wine - glycerine, borax solution, lemon juice 31.15 How do I remove rust?. It depends on the sample and amount of rust. If the material is heavily rusted, then physical techniques ( sand blasting ) may be appropriate. Chemical techniques on steel usually involve phosphoric acid, and the concentration depends whether the treatment can be washed off. An excellent discussion is available in Product Finishing [28], along with simple formulations. For removing light rust without subsequent removal of the solution, 15% phosphoric acid + 4% n-butanol + <0.1% sulfuric acid is used, but if the solution can be washed away, then a faster acting 33% phosphoric acid + 2% n-butanol mixture is preferred. 31.16 How do I remove silver tarnish?. Several commercial silver polishes use a fine abrasive ( such as calcium carbonate ) to physically remove the tarnish, and also include in their formulation components ( such as benzotriazole ), that form complexes or films that slow the reappearance of tarnish. There are also a variety of chemical tarnish removers that contain sulfuric acid, sodium thiosulfate, or hot sodium phosphate, a chemical formulary should contain recipes. A very popular technique for removing tarnish ( silver sulfide ), involves an electrochemical cell that utilises the electrochemical series. In an electrochemical cell, oxidation occurs at one electrode, whilst reduction occurs at the other. Electrical contact between the two metals provides the pathway for electron migration to occur from the anode to the cathode, and when immersed in an electrolyte, charge will be balanced by transfer of the sulfide ions. The standard electrode potential at 25C of Ag+ + e- -> Ag is +0.799V, and if the other metal is anodic relative to silver, the silver in the sulfide at the cathode will gain electrons and revert to metallic silver. The metal at the anode will be oxidized by the removal of electrons. The sulfide ions can travel to the anode via the electrolyte. The electrochemical series indicates metals that will work, and some readily-available and cheap metals are iron, zinc, aluminium and magnesium. The standard electrode potential at 25C of Al3+ + 3e- -> Al is -1.66V, and aluminium foil is cheap. When aluminium is the anode, and water is the electrolyte, the aluminium surface will eventually be coated with an insulating film of aluminium sulfide - which will gradually decrease the cleaning speed. Adding sodium bicarbonate ( baking soda ) or sodium carbonate ( washing soda ) to the electrolyte will assist in the evolution of hydrogen as the silver is converted, and the hydrogen will combine with the sulfide ions to produce some hydrogen sulfide gas ( rotten eggs smell ). The aluminium at the anode will be converted to aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxidises on contact with air, forming an insulating layer of oxide that is present on the surface of foil, disposable alumimium dishes, or pots that are commonly used as the anode when cleaning silver at home. Such a layer is brittle, and can micro-crack in hot water, and the higher temperatures can also increase the redox reaction rate. Cleaning formulations may include sodium chloride ( table salt ), boric acid, or borax. It should be noted that the process is not converting the silver back to the original hard, lustrous surface, but into a soft, white powder that can be removed by rubbing. The sulfide has actually dislocated some silver atoms from the metal surface, and the cleaning treatment will not relocate them, but it will eliminate the unsightly, dark, tarnish. A typical procedure is to line a pyrex glass dish with alumimium foil so the bright side of the foil will contact the solution. Add one litre of water, and heat until near boiling. Add one tablespoon of sodium chloride and one tablespoon of sodium bicarbonate, and gently stir to dissolve. Ensure that the silverware has been washed in warm dishwashing detergents, and well rinsed in warm water, to remove dirt and grease. Carefully add the silverware to the dish, ensuring that each item is in contact with the aluminium foil, and leave until the tarnish has disapppeared. Because no protective film has been provided, the tarnish may reappear rapidly. 31.17 How do I electroplate or anodise materials?. There are several excellent books and journals on metal treatments in the hobbies and metalworking sections of public libraries. For the serious plater, the journals Surface Finishing and Product Finishing discuss all the the chemical and electrical aspects - including disposal and destruction of wastes. Their Annual Handbooks, along with the Canning Handbook of Electroplating, have many recipes and details for the serious electroplater. In any metal finishing process, the preparation of the substrate is of great importance, and the recommended sequence of cleaning, pickling, plating, and especially passivating should be carefully followed. Failure to correctly passivate newly-deposited protective surfaces is the main cause of the rapid formation of unsightly corrosion products. 31.18 How fast do solvents pass through human skin? It obviously depends on the solvents, and traditional measurements have been made using dead skin, but some recent work has provided a simple comparison of individual solvents. It must be emphasised that mixtures of solvents may have significantly different rates [29]. Permeability Constants in g/m2h Solvent Average Standard Deviation Dimethylsulfoxide 176 42 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 171 59 Dimethylacetimide 107 19 Dimethylformamide 98 1.1 Methyl ethyl ketone 53 29 Methylene chloride 24 8.4 Water [^3H radiolabeled] 14.8 0.1 Ethanol 11.3 0.5 Butyl acetate 1.6 0.1 gamma butyrolactone 1.1 0.1 Toluene 0.8 0.7 Propylene carbonate 0.7 0.4 Sulfolane 0.2 31.19 What is the pH of Coca-cola?. Phosphoric acid is an approved food-grade acid that is added to Coca-cola to provide some of the taste. When CO2 is added to "carbonate" aqueous solutions, carbonic acid is formed. A tin of coca-cola was cooled in a refrigerator to 7C and the pH of the sample measured over time. The pH electrode was not temperature-compensated, so a correction was applied. Time pH pH (when opened) (corrected) Initial 2.75 @ 7C 2.6 30 seconds 2.78 @ 7C 2.6 60 seconds 2.80 @ 7C 2.6 2 minutes 2.82 @ 7C 2.7 4 minutes 2.80 @ 7C 2.6 A sample was degassed in an ultrasonic bath for several minutes and the pH measured, and compared to a control sample maintained at the same temperature and time profile. pH Degassed pH 2.52 @ 21c RT sample 2.50 @ 20C So the conclusion is that the pH of Coca-Cola is approximately 2.5 - 2.7. Not surprisingly, the relatively weak carbonic acid from the dissolved CO2 did not significantly affect the pH of the beverage. The aluminium beverage containers are lined with a thin polymer or lacquer coating to prevent the aluminium metal dissolving into the beverage. Note that the differing flotation characteristics of cans of the normal versions of carbonated beverages like Coca-Cola ( they may sink ), and the diet versions ( they may float ), has nothing to do with the amount of CO2 present. It is due to the increase in solution density from the few percent of sugar added to the normal version, while the diet version has only a few hundred ppm of an artificial sweetener that is much sweeter than sugar. ------------------------------ Subject: 32. References Note: "Refer 6.1" = Section 6, Reference 1. Section 6: [1] Beilstein's Handbuch der Organischen Chemie - 4th edition F.K.Beilstein (edited by P.Jacobson, B.Prager, F.Richter, H.G.Boit et al) Springer (1918-) [2] Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards - 5th edition ( edited by P.G.Urben ) Butterworths (1995) ISBN 07506-15575 -also available on CD-ROM ( Aldrich Cat.Z26-812-7 US$544.50 ) [3] Chemical Abstracts Service CAS Internet E-mail: help@cas.org 2540 Olentangy River Rd Customer Service Te blephone: 800-753-4227 PO Box 3012 or 614-447-3600 or (614) 447-3731 Columbus, OH 43210 Telefax: 614-447-3751 Fax: (614) 447-3751 http://www.cas.org [4] Advanced Inorganic Chemistry - 5th edition F.A.Cotton and G.Wilkinson John Wiley (1988) ISBN 0-471-17560-9 [5] Reagents for Organic Synthesis. L.F.Fieser and M.Fieser. Wiley (1980-) ISSN 0271-6747(v1-7) ISSN 0271-616X(v8-) [6] Gardner's Chemical Synonyms and Tradenames - 10th edition W.Gardner (edited by M.Ash and I.Ash) Gower Technical Press (1994) ISBN 0-566-07491-5 - also available on CD-ROM ( Aldrich Cat. Z24,870-3 US$302.50 ) [7] Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie E.Pietsch et al (editors) Verlag Chemie (1926-) [8] The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics - 9th edition L.S.Goodman, A.G.Gilman, L.E.Limbird, P.B.Milinoff. (editors) McGraw Hill (1996) ISBN 00702-62667 [9] Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary - 12th edition G.G.Hawley ( edited by R.J.Lewis,Sr.) Van Nostrand Reinhold (1992) ISBN 0-442-01131-8 - available with Sax on CD-ROM [10] Dictionary of Organic Compounds ( formerly Heilbron ) - 5th edition J.Buckingham et al. (editors) Chapman and Hall (1982-92) ISBN 0412-17000-0 (v1) [11] Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology - 4th edition. Editor. M.Howe-Grant. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-52681-9 (1993-) 25 volumes, approx.US$320/vol. - available on CD-ROM. [12] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry - 14th edition J.A.Dean (editor) McGraw Hill (1992) ISBN 0-07-016194-1 [13] The Extra Pharmacopoeia - 31th edition Martindale ( edited by J.E.F.Reynolds ) Pharmaceutical Press (1996) ISBN 0-85369-342-0 [14] Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design J.J.McKetta Marcel Dekker (1990-) ISBN 0-8247-2497-6 [15] A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry J.W.Mellor Longman (1922-1967) [16] Merck Index - 12th edition S.Budavari et al. (editors) Merck & Co. (1996) ISBN 0-911910-12-3 - available on CD-ROM for approximately three times the hardcopy price, check out the Merck WWW site for details. [17] Chemical Engineers' Handbook - 7th edition R.H.Perry and D.W.Green (editors) McGraw-Hill (1997) ISBN 0-07-049841-5 [18] Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio 45226. [19] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - 78th edition. D.R.Lide (editor) CRC Press (1997) ISBN 0-8493-0478-4 [20] Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials - 9th edition N.I.Sax ( edited by R.J.Lewis Sr. ) Van Nostrand Reinhold (1996) ISBN 0-442-02025-2 CD-ROM ( also includes Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary ) - annual subscription with quarterly updates, ISBN 0442-01946-7 Aldrich Cat. Z25,176-3 US$715.00 [21] Shreve's Chemical Process Industries - 5th edition R.N.Shreve and G.T.Austin McGraw Hill (1984) ISBN 0-07-057147-3 [22] Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry - 5th edition. Editor, B.Elvers. VCH. ISBN 3-527-20123-8 (1993-). [23] Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis - 5th edition A.I.Vogel (previously Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis ) 5th Ed. (revised by G.H.Jeffery et al) Longman (1989) ISBN 0-470-21517-8 4th Ed. (revised by J.Bassett et al.) Longman (1978) ISBN 0-582-46321-1 3rd Ed. Longman (1962) ISBN 0-582-44247-8 (Note - I personally prefer the 3rd edition which was the last written by A.I.Vogel, he provided more alternatives for each analysis, especially for titrations ) [24] Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis - 7th edition A.I.Vogel ( previously Macro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis ) 7th Ed. ( revised by G.Svehla ) Longmans (1996) ISBN 058-221866-7 4th Ed. Longmans (1954) SBN 582 44246 X ( Note - I've never seen the 7th edition - I'm very happy with the 4th edition, which was the last by A.I.Vogel ) [25] Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry - 5th edition A.I.Vogel 5th Ed. (revised by A.R.Tatchell et al) Wiley (1989) ISBN 0582-46236-3 4th Ed. (revised by B.S.Furniss et al) Longman (1978) ISBN 0582-44250-8 3rd Ed. Longmans (1956) ( Note - the 3rd edition was the last by A.I.Vogel, but the 4th has the advantage of discussing of modern techniques. I have not seen the 5th.) [26] Vogel's Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry - 3rd edition A.I.Vogel. ( revised by B.V.Smith and N.M.Waldron ) Longman (1980) ISBN 0-582-47009-99v10 Section 7: [1] Refer 6.3 [2] Dialog Knight-Ridder Information, Inc. www http://www.dialog.com email info@dialog.com phone 800-334-2564, or 415-254-7000 fax 415-254-7070 [3] Information Sources for Organic Chemistry, 1-3. A.S.Somerville J.Chem.Ed v.68 p.553-561 (1991) J.Chem.Ed v.68 p.842-853 (1991) J.Chem.Ed v.69 p.379-386 (1992) [4] Searching the Beilstein Database Online: A comparison of systems. R.E.Buntrock, M.A.Palma Database, December 1990. p.19-34 [5] A Wealth of Information Online M.J.Mazzella Chemical Engineering. June 1989 p.112-127 Section 9: [1] What Every Engineer Should Know About Patents - 2nd edition W.G.Konold, B.Tittel, D.F.Frei, D.S.Stallard Marcel Dekker (1989) ISBN 0-8247-8010-8 [2] Chem Sources : International - 5th edition Chemical Sources International (1994) ISBN 0-937020-21-4 [3] Chem Sources : USA - 35th edition Chemical Sources International (1994) ISBN 0-937020-20-6 [4] OPD Chemical Buyers Directory - 82nd edition ( issued as part of subscription to Chemical Marketing Reporter) Scnell Publishing (1995) ISBN 1-878800-04-3 [5] The 1996-1997 Aldrich Catalog/Handbook Aldrich Chemical Company P.O.Box 355 Milwaukee. Wl 53201 Orders: Mail PO Box 2060, Milwaukee Wl 53201 USA. Phone. 414-273-3850 Fax. 414-273-4979 Customer Service: Phone 414-273-3850 [6] J.T.Baker Inc. 222 Red School Lane Phillipsburg. NJ 08865 Phone 800-582-2537 Fax. 908-859-9318 [7] Refer 6.19 [8] Refer 6.16 [9] Refer 6.12 [10] Refer 6.9 [11] Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants - 16th edition G.W.C Kaye and T.H.Laby ( now by a panel of editors ) Longman (1995) ISBN 0-582-226295 [12] Chemical Technicians' Ready Reference Handbook - 4th edition G.J.Shugar, J.T.Ballinger, and L.M.Dawkins McGraw Hill (1996) ISBN 0-07-057186-4 [13] Matheson Gas Data Book - 6th edition W.Braker and A.L.Mossman Matheson Gas Products (1980) ISBN 999-267037-1 [14] McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology - 2nd edition McGraw Hill (1989) ISBN 0-07-045512-0 CD-ROM ( Aldrich Cat. Z23,277-0 US$495.00) [15] Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia - 8th edition D.Considine ( editor ) Van Nostrand Reinhold (1994) ISBN 0-442-01864-9 [16] McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Chemistry S.P.Parker McGraw-Hill (1993) ISBN 0-07-045455-8 [17] McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology - 7th edition McGraw Hill (1992) ISBN 0-079-092063 -also available on CD-ROM ( Aldrich Cat. Z24,871-1 US$1300 ) [18] Refer 6.11 [19] Refer 6.22 [20] Refer 6.1 [21] Refer 6.7 [22] Refer 6.10 [23] Refer 6.14 [24] Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering - 2nd edition H.F.Mark et al (editors) John Wiley (1985-1990) ISBN 0-471-89540-7(v1) [25] Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry - 4th edition I.Heilbron et al (editors) Longmans (1954) [26] High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Synthesis and Measurements. P.H.Plesch Cambridge University Press (1989) ISBN 0-521-25756-5 [27] High Vacuum Technique: Theory, Practice and Properties of Materials - 4th Edition J.Yarwood Chapman and Hall (1967) ISBN 0-412-21190-4 [28] Swagelok Tube Fitting and Installation Manual F.J.Callahan Markad Service Co. (1985) [29] Thermocouples: Theory and Properties D.D.Pollock CRC Press (1991) ISBN 0-8493-4243-0 [30] Merck KGaA D-64271 Darmstadt Germany Phone ++496151/72-0 Fax ++496151/72-2000 [31] Rhone-Poulenc Prolabo Division 12 Rue Pelee 75011 Paris France [32] Sigma Chemical Company P.O.Box 14508 St.Louis, MO. USA 63178-9916 [33] Janssen Chimica Division Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3 2440 Geel Belgium [34] Lancaster Synthesis Ltd Eastgate, White Lund Morecombe, Lancashire LA3 3DY United Kingdom. [35] Standard Infrared Spectra Sadtler Research Laboratories [36] The Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra - 3rd edition C.J.Pouchert Aldrich Chemical (1981) ISBN 0-941633-07-1 [37] The Aldrich Library of FT-IR Spectra C.J.Pouchert Aldrich Chemical (1985-) ISBN 0-941633-20-9(v1&2), 0-941633-19-5(v3) [38] Standard NMR Spectra Sadtler Research Laboratories [39] The Aldrich Library of C13 and H1 FT-NMR Spectra C.J.Pouchert and J.Behnke Aldrich Chemical (1992) ISBN 0-941633-34-9 [40] The Aldrich Library of NMR Spectra - 2nd edition C.J.Pouchert Aldrich Chemical (1983) ISBN 0-941633-08-X [41] NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Data Base S.R.Heller and G.W.A.Milne US Govt. Printing Office (1978) NSRDS-NBS 63 CD-ROM ( MS-Windows - Aldrich Z25,737-0 US$1320 ) [42] Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data F.W.Lafferty and D.B.Stanffer ( editors ) John Wiley (1988) [43] Industrial Chemical Thesaurus - 2nd edition M.Ash and I.Ash VCH (1992) ISBN 1-56081-615-5 [44] Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Additives M.Ash and I.Ash Chemical Publishing Co. (1987) ISBN 0-8206-0320-1 [45] Chemical Tradenames Dictionary M.Ash and I.Ash VCH (1993) ISBN 1-569081-625-2 [46] The Chemical Formulary ( 32 volume series that is still growing ) H.Bennett Chemical Publishing Co. (1933-) ISBN 0-8206-0345-7 (1994 vol) [47] The History of Chemistry J.Hudson Routledge Chapman and Hall (1992) ISBN 0-412-03641-X [48] Chemistry of the Elements N.N.Greenwood and A.Earnshaw Butterworth Heineman (1997) ISBN 0-08-0379419 [49] The Elements - 3rd edition J.Emsley Oxford University Press (1997) ISBN 0-19-855959-3 [50] Discovery of the Elements - 7th edition M.E.Weeks ( revised by H.M.Leicester ) Journal of Chemical Education (1968) ISBN 0-317-09341-X [51] The Chemical Bond: Structure and Dynamics A.Zewail (Ed) Academic Press (1992) ISBN 0-12-779620-7 [52] Chemistry in the Next Century Thomas Midgley, Jr. Ind.Eng.Chem. v.27 n.5 p.494-498 (1935) [53] Midgley: Saint or Serpent?. G.B.Kauffman. Chemtech, December 1989. p.717-725. Section 10: [1] Sigma-Aldrich CD-ROM of 70,000+ MSDS Aldrich Catalogue Z17,500-5 Annual Subscription US$1650 [2] Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials - 10th edition National Fire Protection Association (1991) [3] The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data - 2nd edition R.E.Lenga (editor) Sigma-Aldrich (1988) ISBN 0-941633-16-0 [4] CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety - 4th edition. A.K.Furr (editor) CRC Press (1995) ISBN 08493-2518-8 [5] Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory - 5th edition S.G.Luxon (editor) Royal Society of Chemistry (1992) ISBN 0-85186-229-2 [6] Refer 6.2 [7] The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data R.E.Lenga and K.L.Votoupal (editors) Sigma-Aldrich (1992) ISBN 0-941633-35-7 [8] Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices - 1990/91 edition - issued annually, and latest edition should be obtained and used. TLV-BEI (1990) ISBN 0-936712-86-4 ACGIH ( 6500 Glenway Ave., Bldg.D-7., Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438 ) [9] Guide to Occupational Exposure Values - 1990-1991 - issued annually, and latest edition should be obtained and used. Guide to Occupational Exposure Values (1990) ISBN 0-936712-87-2 ACGIH ( 6500 Glenway Ave., Bldg.D-7., Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438 ) [10] Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety - 3rd edition L.Parmeggiani International Labour Office - Geneva (1989) ISBN 92-2-103289-2 [11] Refer 9.17 [12] Guidelines for Laboratory Design: Health and Safety Considerations - 2nd edition L.J.DiBerardinis et al. John Wiley & Sons (1993) ISBN 0-471-55463-4 [13] Laboratory Health and Safety Handbook - 2nd edition R.S.Stricoff and D.B.Walters John Wiley & Sons (1995) ISBN 0-471-02628-X [14] Contact Lenses and Chemicals: An Update E.B.Segal Chemical Health and Safety. January/February 1995 p.16-21. [15] Contact Lens Emergencies A.P.Cullen Chemical Health and Safety. January/February 1995 p.22-24. [16] Contact Lenses and Chemicals: Update 1997 E.B.Segal Chemical Health and Safety. May/June 1997 p.33-37 [17] Contact lenses in industry: The ongoing discussion. B.R.Blais Chemical Health and Safety. July/August 1997 p.22-26 Section 11: [1] Refer 9.36 [2] Refer 9.37 [3] Refer 9.40 [4] Refer 9.39 [5] Refer 9.41 [6] Fiveash Data Management, Inc. Reference Spectra Databases, P. O. Box 400 Books, and Chemical Information Fort Atkinson, WI 53538 USA Email FDM@intaccess.com Phone: 414-563-6449 http://www.intaccess.com/fdm Fax: 414-563-5964 [7] Refer 9.24 [8] Spot Tests - 4th edition F.Feigl ( translated by R.E.Oesper ) Elsevier (1954) [9] Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis - 6th edition F.Feigl and V.Anger ( translated by R.E.Oesper ) Elsevier (1972) ISBN 0-444-409297 [10] Refer 6.24 [11] Refer 6.23 [12] Refer 6.25 [13] Treatise on Analytical Chemistry - 2nd edition I.M.Kolthoff and P.J.Elving Wiley Interscience (1978) ISBN 0-471-80648-X (p1.v14.) [14] Techniques of Chemistry series A.Weissberger ( Previously known as Techniques of Organic Chemistry and Techniques of Inorganic Chemistry ) Wiley Interscience (1970-) [15] Instrumental Methods of Analysis - 6th edition H.H.Willard, L.L.Merritt Jr., J.A.Dean, F.A.Settle Jr. D.Van Nostrand (1981) ISBN 0-442-24502-5 [16] Analytical Instrumentation Handbook G.W.Ewing (editor) Marcel Dekker (1990) ISBN 0-8247-8184-8 [17] 'Analar' Standards for Laboratory Chemicals - 8th edition D.J.Bucknell BDH Chemicals/Whitefriars Press (1984) ISBN 0-9500439-4-X [18] Reagent Chemicals - 8th edition American Chemical Society (1992) ISBN 0-8412-2502-8 [19] Refer 6.13 [20] Official Methods of Analysis - 16th edition P.A.Cunniff (editor) Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995) ISBN 0-935584-54-4 [21] Compilation of EPA Sampling and Analysis Methods L.H.Keith (editor) Lewis Publishers Boca Raton (1991) [22] EPA Sampling and Analysis Methods Database - available on computer disk ( Aldrich Cat. Z23,084-7 US$257.95 ) [23] Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis K.H.Altgelt and T.H.Gouw (editors) Marcel Dekker (1979) ISBN 0-8247-6790-X [24] The Analysis of Gases by Chromatography C.J.Cowper and A.J.DeRose Pergamon Press (1983) ISBN 0-08-024027-5 [25] Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - 16th edition ( APHA, AWWA, and AWPF joint methods ) A.G.Greenberg, R.R.Trussell, L.S.Clesceri (Eds) American Public Health Assn. (1985) ISBN 0-87553-131-8 [26] Water Analysis W.Fresenius, K.E.Quentin, and W.Schneider (editors) Spring-Verlag (1988) ISBN 0-387-17723-X [27] Determination of Organic Substances in Water T.R.Crompton Wiley-Interscience (1985) ISBN 0-471-90468-6 (v1), 0-471-90469-4 (v2). [28] Water - A Comprehensive Treatise ( six volumes ) F.Franks (editor) Plenum Press (1972-1979) ISBN 0-306-37181-2 (v1) [29] Methods of Decomposition in Inorganic Analysis Z.Sulcek and P.Povondra CRC Press (1989) ISBN 0-8493-4963-X [30] Handbook of Analytical Derivatization Reactions D.R.Knapp John Wiley (1979) ISBN 0-471-03469-X [31] Handbook of Derivatives for Chromatography - 2nd edition K.Blau and J.M.Halket (editors) John Wiley (1993) ISBN 0-471-92699-X [32] Environmental Chemistry - 6th Ed. S.E.Manahan Lewis Publishers (1994) ISBN 1-56670-088-4 [33] Fundamentals of Environment Chemistry S.E.Manahan Lewis Publishers (1993) ISBN 0-873-71587-X [34] Environmental Organic Chemistry R.P.Schwarzenbach, P.M.Gschwend, and D.M.Imboden John Wiley (1993) ISBN 0-471-83941-8 [35] Metals and their Compounds in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance. E. Merian (editor) VCH (1991) ISBN 0-89573-562-8 [36] Physical Chemistry - 5th edition P.W.Atkins Oxford University Press (1994) ISBN 0-7167-2511-8 [37] Textbook of Physical Chemistry - 2nd edition S.Glasstone Van Nostrand/MacMillan (1946) [38] Physical Methods of Chemistry Series - 2nd edition B.W.Rossiter, J.F.Hamilton ( Previously known as Volume 1 of the Techniques of Chemistry series ) Wiley Interscience (1986-) [39] Inorganic Chemistry D.F.Shriver, P.W.Atkins, and C.H.Langford Oxford University Press (1995) ISBN 0-19-855397-8 - you should also obtain the problem answers - Guide to Solutions for Inorganic Chemistry S.H.Strauss Oxford University Press (1994) ISBN 0-19-855772-8 [40] Refer 6.23 [41] Refer 6.7 [42] Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry R.B.King (editor) John Wiley (1994) ISBN 0-471-936200 [43] Refer 6.4 [44] Organic Chemistry - 6th edition T.W.G.Solomons John Wiley & Sons (1995) ISBN 0-471-01342-0 [45] Organic Chemistry - 3rd edition L.F.Fieser and M.Fieser Reinhold (1956) [46] Advanced Organic Chemistry - 3rd edition F.A.Carey and R.J.Sundberg Plenum Press (1990) ISBN 0-306-43447-4(A), 0-306-43457(B) [47] Organic Reactions John Wiley & Sons (1942+) [48] Refer 6.5 [49] The Logic of Chemical Synthesis E.J.Corey and X.Cheng Wiley (1989) ISBN 0-471-50979-5 [50] Refer 6.10 [51] Refer 6.1 [52] Refer 6.21 [53] Refer 6.8 [54] Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry - 2nd edition A.Korolkovas (editor) John Wiley (1988) ISBN 047-188356-5 [55] Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients A.Wade and P.J.Weller Pharmaceutical Press (1994) ISBN 0853693056, 091730668 Section 12: [1] Names and Symbols of Transfermium Elements Pure and Appl.Chem. v.66 p.2419-2421 (1994) [2] Heavy Element name saga ends M.Freemantle C&EN 8 September 1997 p.9-10 [3] Interconversion of ASHRAE Refrigerant Numbers and Chemical Compositions A.A.Woolf J.Chem.Ed. v.70 p.35-36 (1993) [4] Polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet and health I.S.Newton Chemisty and Industry 21 April 1997 p.302-305. [5] Nutritional aspects of n-3 fatty acids Inform v.8 n.5 p.428,429,433,434,437,439,440,443,444,447 (May 1997) [6] Conjugated Linoleic Acid - The Good News about Animal Fat. C.Steinhart J.Chem.Ed. v.73 p.A302-A303 (December 1996) [7] Conjugated Linoleic Acid, a newly recognised nutrient M.W.Pariza Chemistry and Industry. 16 June 1997 p.464-466. [8] Concise Encyclopedia of Biochemistry - 2nd Ed T.Scott and M.Eagleson Walter de Gruyer ISBN 3-11-011625-1 (1988) [9] International Encyclopedia of Chemical Science D.Van Nostrand. (1964) [10] Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1971) [11] Bring Back Equivalent Weight - If You Want the Kids To "Think"! M.Laing J.Chem.Ed. v.72 p.1007-1012 ( November 1996 ) [12] Dyeing Reagents for Thin Layer and Paper Chromatography 22/II 13/2699/10/1170L E.Merck, Darmstadt. [13] Piranha solution explosion D.A.Dobbs, R.G.Bergman, K.H.Theopold C&EN 23 April 1990 p.2 [14] Cleaning glass funnels T.Wnuk C&EN 25 June 1990 p.2 [15] Piranha solution explosions C.V.Erickson C&EN 13 August 1990 p.2 Section 13: [1] The Sassafras Tree and Designer Drugs - From Herbal Tea to Ecstasy. L.G.French J.Chem.Ed. v.72 n.6 p.484-491. (June 1995). [2] PiKAL : A Chemical Love Story - Parts 1 and 2 A.T.Shulgin and A.Shulgin Transform Press ( Part 1 ) (refer to alt.drugs FAQs for publishing information ) [3] Analysis of Semtex Explosives J.R.Hobbs p.409-427 Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives J.Yinon (editor) Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 0-7923-2138-3 (1993). [4] The Semtex-H Story A.W.Feraday p.67-72. Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives J.Yinon (editor) Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 0-7923-2138-3 (1993). [5] Oklahoma bomb shows common items' power M.Rouhi C&EN. 1 May 1995. p.8 [6] Nitrogen Triiodide I.C.Tornieporth-Oetting, T.M.Klapotke Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. v.29 p.677-679 (1990) [7] The Chemical Elements and their Compounds N.V.Sidgwick Oxford University Press (1950) [8] Advanced Energetic Materials Emerge for Military and Space Applications S.Borman C&EN 17 January 1994 p.18-22. [9] Recent Advances in Explosives and Solid Propellants J.C.Bottaro Chemistry & Industry (UK) 1 April 1996 p.249-252. [10] Transforming Explosive Art in Science A.Heller Science & Technology Review June 1997 p.4-13. [11] Refer 6.11 v.10. p.1-125. "Explosives and Propellants" [12] Explosives - 4th edition R.Meyer VCH (1993) ISBN 1-56081-266-4 [13] Chemistry of Powder and Explosives T.L. Davis, - available from Delta Press (deltagrp@eldonet.com), or Loompanics (loompanx@olympus.net) P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend. WA 98368. [14] Investigations of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-Related Industries - A Manual J.M.Kuchta US Dept. of the Interior. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 680 (1985). [15] The Chemistry and Technology of Explosives T.Urbanski Pergamon. v.1-3 (1967) v.4 (1984) ISBN 0-08-030252-1 [16] The Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items B.T.Federoff, O.E.Sheffield, and S.Kaye PATR 2700, v.1-10. ARDEC, Dover, NJ. Section 15: [1] Chemical Demonstrations - A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry B.Z.Shakhashiri University of Wisconsin Press (4 vols.) ISBN 0-318-56863-2 (1992) [2] Chemical Demonstrations - A Sourcebook for Teachers - 2nd edition L.R.Summerlin, J.L.Ealy Jr. Amer.Chem.Soc. (1988) ISBN 0-8412-1481-6 (v1), 0-8412-1535-9 (v2) [3] The Blue Bottle Experiment Revisited A.G.Cook, R.M.Tolliver, and J.E.Williams. J.Chem.Ed. v.71 n.2 p.160-161 (February 1994) [4] Oscillating Chemical Reactions I.R.Epstein, K.Kustin, P.De Kepper, and M.Orban Scientific American p.96-108 (1983) [5] Oscillating Chemical Reactions and Nonlinear Dynamics R.J.Field and F.W.Schneider J.Chem.Ed v.66 p.195-204 (March 1989) [6] Recipes for Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reagents W.Jahnke and A.T.Winfree J.Chem.Ed v.68 p.320-324 (April 1991) [7] Hydrogen Balloon Explosions R.Battino, B.S.Battino J.Chem.Ed. v.69 n.11 p.921-923 (November 1992) [8] The Incredible "Glowing" Pickle and Onion and Potato and... P.M.Weimer, R.Battino J.Chem.Ed. v.73 n.5 p.456-457 (May 1996) [9] Glowing Veggies P.Scharlin, A.A.Cleveland, R.Battino, and M.E.Thomas. J.Chem.Ed. v.73 n.5 p.457-459 (May 1996) [10] The Gelation of Polyvinyl Alcohol with Borax E.Z.Casassa, A.M.Sarquis, and C.H.Van Dyke J.Chem.Ed. v.63 n.1 p.57-60 (January 1986) [11] Slime and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fibers G.S.Stroebel, J.A.Whitesell, and R.M.Kriegel J.Chem.Ed. v.70 n.11 p.893 (November 1993) [12] The Gelation of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with Na2B4O7.10H2O: Killing Slime K.W.McLaughlin, N.K.Wyffels, A.B.Jentz, and M.V.Keegan J.Chem.Ed v.74 n.1 p.97-99 (January 1997) Section 16: [1] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent Drying. A Reappraisal by Application of a Novel Method for Solvent Water Assay. D.R.Burfield, K.H.Lee, R.H.Smithers. J.Org.Chem. v.42, p.3060-3065. (1977). [2] Molecular Sieves - Dessicants of Choice. D.R.Burfield, G.H.Gan, R.H.Smithers. J.Appl.Chem.Biotech. v.28, p.23-30. (1978). [3] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent Drying. 3. Dipolar Aprotic Solvents D.R.Burfield and R.H.Smithers J.Org.Chem. v.43, p.3966-3968 (1978). [4] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent Drying. Applications of Cationic Exchange Resins. D.R.Burfield and R.H.Smithers J.Chem.Tech.Biotechnol. v.30, p.491-496 (1980) [5] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent and Reagent Drying. 5. Amines D.R.Burfield, R.H.Smithers, and A.S.C.Tan J.Org.Chem. v.46, p.629-631 (1981). [6] Drying of Grossly Wet Ether Extracts D.R.Burfield, R.H.Smithers J.Chem.Ed. v.59, p.703-704 (1982) [7] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent and Reagent Drying. 7. Alcohols. D.R.Burfield, R.H.Smithers J.Org.Chem. v.48, p.2420-2422 (1983) [8] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent and Reagent Drying. 8. Molecular Sieve Column Drying of 95% Ethanol: An Application of Hygrometry to the Assay of Solvent Water Content. D.R.Burfield, G.T.Hefter, and D.S.P.Koh J.Chem.Tech.Biotechnol. v.34A, p.187-194 (1984) [9] Desiccant Efficiency in Solvent and Reagent Drying. 9. A Reassessment of of Calcium Sulfate as a Drying Agent. D.R.Burfield. J.Org.Chem. v.49, p.3852-3854 (1984) [10] Oven Drying of Volumetric Glassware D.R.Burfield and G.Hefter J.Chem.Ed. v.64 p.1054 (1987) [11] Neues Verfahren zur maBanalytischen Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes von Flussigkeiten und festen Korpern K.Fischer Angew. Chem., v.48 p.394-396 (1935) [12] Titrimetric Determination of Water in Organic Liquids using Acetyl Chloride and Pyridine D.M.Smith and W.M.D.Bryant J.Amer.Chem.Soc., v.57 p.841-845 (1935) [13] Karl Fischer Titration E.Scholz Springer-Verlag (1984) ISBN 3-540-13734-3 [14] An Effective Technique for Cleaning Glassware D.P.Higley J.Chem.Ed. v.52 p.306 (1975) [15] Refer 6.23 [16] Standard Glassware Cleaning Solutions The Chemist's Companion J.Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-31590-7 (1972) [17] Laboratory Hazards - an explosion involving "chromic acid". W.R.Bryson Chem.Brit. v.11 p.377 (1975) [18] Chromic Acid explosions M.J.Pitt Chem. Brit. v.11 p.456 (1975) [19] Chromic Acid explosions S.Downing Chem. Brit. v.11 p.456 (1975) [20] A Less Hazardous Chromic Acid Substitute for Cleaning Glassware P.L.Manske, T.M.Stimpel, and E.L.Gershey J.Chem.Ed. v.67 p.A280-A282 (1990) [21] Regeneration of Chromic Acid Cleaning Solution D.Schwab and P.Martinez J.Chem.Ed. v.66 p.528 (1989) [22] Oxidising Acid Baths - without Chromate Hazards H.M.Stahr, W.Hyde, and L.Siegler Anal.Chem. v.54 p.1452A (1982) [23] How to Remove Silicone Compounds or Greases. Dow Corning Silicone Bulletin 06-005 (1962) [24] Removing Silicone Grease from Glassware T.H.Lowry J.Chem.Ed. v.74 p.841 (1997) [25] Removing Silicone Greases from Round Bottom Flasks T.J.Reilly J.Chem.Ed. v.73 p.381 (1996) Section 17: [1] Purification of Laboratory Chemicals - 3rd edition D.Perrin, W.Armarego Pergamon Press (1988) ISBN 0-08-034714-2 [2] Palladium Reagents in Organic Syntheses R.F.Heck Academic Press (1985) Section 18: [1] Refer 15.1 [2] A Multicolored Luminescence Demonstration P.E.Smith, K.Johnston, D.M.Reason, and G.M.Bodner J.Chem.Ed. v.69 n.10 p.827-828 (October 1992) [3] Overview of Sweeteners J.W.Ellis J.Chem.Ed. v.72 n.8 p.671-675 (August 1995) [4] Discovery of Highly Sweet Compounds from Natural Products A.D.Kinghorn, E.J.Kennelly J.Chem.Ed. v.72 n.8 p.676-679 (August 1995) [5] Sweeteners: A question of taste G.G.Birch Chemistry and Industry 3 February 1997 p.90-94. [6] Rediscovering the Wheel - The Flame Test Revisited R.O.Ragsdale and J.A.Driscoll J.Chem.Ed. v.69 n.10 p.828-829 (October 1992) [7] Flame Colors Demonstration J.R.Peyser and J.R.Luoma. J.Chem.Ed. v.65 n.5 p.452-453 (May 1988) [8] Refer 6.11 Chromogenic Materials v.6 p.312-343. [9] Electrochromic Materials R.J.Mortimer Chem.Soc.Revs. v.26 p.147-156 (1997) [10] Sunglasses that Respond to Brightness S.D.Stookey J.Chem.Ed. v.47 p.176 (1970) [11] Photochromic Sunglasses B.Osterby, R.D.McKelvey, and L.Hill J.Chem.Ed. v.68 p.424-425 (1991) [12] Thermochromism J.H.Day Chem.Rev. v.63 p.65-80 (1963) [13] The Physics and Chemistry of Color K.Nassau John Wiley & Sons. (1983) ISBN 047-186776-4 Section 19: [1] Solutions to Sticky Problems. Booklet More Solutions to Sticky Problems. Booklet BROOKFIELD Engineering Laboratories Inc, MA, USA. [2] Introduction to Practical Viscometry. Booklet HAAKE, Mess-Technik GmbH. [3] Principles and Applications of Rheology. A.G.Frederikson Prentice-Hall Inc. NJ. [4] Viscosity and Flow Measurement. Van Wazer, Lyons, Kim, Colwell. Interscience Publishers. NY [5] Electrorheological technology: The future is now. K.O.Havelka and J.W.Pialet. Chemtech p.36-45 ( June 1996 ) [6] Electrorheological Fluids: Mechanisms, Properties, Technology and Applications. Edited by R.Tao and G.Roy World Scientific, Singapore (1994) ISBN 98102-16394 [7] Active Damping using ERM fluids. Automotive Engineering p.19-23 (June 1993). [8] Extraction with Supercritical Fluids G.M.Schneider, E.Stahl, G.Wilke Verlag Chemie (1980) ISBN 352725854X [9] Solvents get the big squeeze D.Bradley New Scientist, 6 August 1994. p.32-35. [10] Past, Present, and Possible Future Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology C.L.Phelps, N.S.Smart, and C.M.Wai J.Chem.Ed. v.73 n.12 p.1163 (December 1996) [11] Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics C.E. Brennen. Oxford University Press (1995) ISBN 0-19-509409-3 [12] Relativistic Effects in Structural Chemistry P.Pyykko Chem. Rev. v.88 p.563-594 (1988) [13] Relativistic Effects on Chemical Properties D.R.McKelvey J.Chem.Ed. v.60 p.112-116 (February 1983) [14] Relativistic Effects at the Freshman Level M.S.Banna J.Chem.Ed. v.62 p.197-198 (March 1985) [15] Periodic Contractions among the Elements J.Mason J.Chem.Ed. v.65 p.17-20 (January 1988) [16] Why is Mercury Liquid? L.J.Norby J.Chem.Ed. v.68 p.110-113 (February 1991) Section 20: [1] Refer 11.15 [2] Chemical Instrumentation: A Systematic Approach. - 3rd edition H.A. Strobel John Wiley (1989) ISBN 0-471-61223-5 [3] Polarized Light. W.A. Shurcliff and S.S. Ballard Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, (1964) [4] Optics. E. Hecht and A. Zajac Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publ. Co., (1974). [5] The Chemist's Ready Reference Handbook G.J. Shugar and J.A. Dean New York: McGraw-Hill (1990) ISBN 0-07-057178-3 [6] Molecular Optical Activity and the Chiral Discriminations. S.F. Mason Cambridge University Press (1982) ISBN 0-521-24702-0 [7] Molecular Light Scattering and Optical Activity L.D. Barron Cambridge University Press (1983) ISBN 0-521-24602-4 [8] Problems and Experiments in Instrumental Analysis. C.E. Meloan and R.W. Kiser Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc. 1300 Alum Creek Drive, Columbus 16, OH, (1963). Section 22: [1] Refer 11.13 [2] Refer 11.14 [3] Refer 11.15 [4] Refer 11.16 Section 23: [1] Laboratory Handbook of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods - 3rd edition E.Heftmann Van Nostrand Reinhold (1975) ISBN 0-442-23280-2 [2] Thin Layer Chromatography - 2nd edition E.Stahl Springer-Verlag (1969) ISBN 0-387-04736-0 [3] Techniques of Chemistry - Vol. XIV Thin-Layer Chromatography - 2nd edition J.G.Kirchner Wiley-Interscience (1978) ISBN 0-471-93264-7 Sigma Chemical (1990) ISBN 0-941633-25-X (reprint) [4] Refer 11.30 [5] Refer 11.31 [6] Basic Gas Chromatography - 3rd edition H.McNair and E.Bonelli Varian (1969) ISBN 999-642376-X [7] High-Resolution Gas Chromatography K.J.Hyver and P.Sandra Hewlett Packard (1989) P/N=5950-3562 ISBN 999-184716-2 [8] Open Tubular Column Gas Chromatography M.L.Lee, F.J.Yang, K.D.Bartle John Wiley & Sons (1984) ISBN 0-471-88024-8 [9] Sadtler Gas Chromatography Standard Retention Index Library Sadtler Research Laboratories (1986). [10] Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography - 2nd edition L.R.Snyder and J.J.Kirkland Wiley-Interscience (1979) ISBN 0-471-03822-9 [11] Troubleshooting LC Systems J.W.Dolan and L.R.Snyder Humana Press (1989) ISBN 0-89603-151-9 [12] Practical HPLC Method Development - 2nd edition L.R.Snyder, J.J.Kirkland, and J.L.Glajch. John Wiley & Sons (1997) ISBN 0-471-00703-X [13] The Practice of Ion Chromatography F.C.Smith Jr. and R.C.Chang Krieger Publishing (1991) ISBN 089464-502-1 [14] Ion Chromatography H.Small Plenum Press (1989) ISBN 0-306-43290-0 [15] Modern Size Exclusion Chromatography W.W.Yau, J.J.Kirkland, D.Bly John Wiley & Sons (1979) ISBN 0-471-03387-1 Section 24: [1] Reactions in Supercritical Fluids L.Boock, B.Wu, C.LaMarca, M.Klein, and S.Paspek Chemtech. December 1992. p.719-723. [2] Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography B.A.Charpentier and M.R.Sevenants Amer.Chem.Soc. Symposium Series v.366 (1988) ISBN 0841214697 [3] Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology K.P.Johnston and M.L.Penninger Amer.Chem.Soc. Symposium Series v.406 (1989) ISBN 0841216789 [4] Supercritical Fluid Engineering Science: Fundamentals and Applications E.Kiran, J.F.Brennecke Amer.Chem.Soc. Symposium Series v.514 (1993) ISBN 0-8412-2513-3 [5] Solving Process Problems with Supercritical Extraction J.Via, L.T.Taylor Chemtech. November 1993. p.38-44. [6] The Use of Supercritical Fluids in the Isolation of Natural Products C.D.Bevan and P.S.Marshall Natural Products Reports, 1994. p.451-466. [7] Supercritical Chemistry: Synthesis with a Spanner. M.Poliakoff and S.Howdle Chemistry in Britain. February 1995. p.118-121 [8] Proceedings of the International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids - 2nd (1991) Baltimore. USA. ( proceedings edited by M.A.McHugh, published by John Hopkins University. Baltimore. MD21218 ) - 3rd (1994) Strasbourg. France. ( proceedings published by Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine. ISBN 2-905267-23-8 ). Section 26: [1] International pH Scales and Certification of pH. H.B.Kristenson, A.Salomon, and G.Kokholm Anal.Chem. v.63, p.885A-891A (1991). [2] Determination of pH, Theory and Practise - 2nd edition R.G.Bates John Wiley & Sons. (1973) ISBN 0-317-09107-7 [3] Ion-Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry H.Freiser (editor) Plenum Publishing. (1978) ISBN 0-306-40500-8 [4] Ion-Selective Electrode Methodology A.K.Covington (editor) CRC Press. (1979) ISBN 0-8493-5247-9 (2 vols) Section 27: [1] Modern Petroleum Technology - 5th edition. Editor, G.D.Hobson. Wiley. ISBN 0 471 262498 (1984). - Chapter 1. G.D.Hobson. [2] Hydrocarbons from Fossil Fuels and their Relationship with Living Organisms. I.R.Hills, G.W.Smith, and E.V.Whitehead. J.Inst.Petrol., v.56 p.127-137 (May 1970). [3] Refer 27.1 - Chapter 9. R.E.Banks and P.J.King. [4] Refer 27.1 - Chapter 20. K.Owen. 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Phone 617-275-9200 800-225-1380 Fax 617-275-8200 [18] Nerve Gases Unveiled C&EN v.31 p.4676,4678 (1953) [19] Tokyo Subway Attack - Chemical Weapon Possible Terrorist Tool. L.Ember C&EN. 27 March 1995. p.6-7. [20] Dioxins in Food UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Food Surveillance Paper No. 31 HMSO (1992) ISBN 0-11-242926-2 [21] Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentration levels in human adipose tissue samples from the continental US collected from 1971 through 1987 J.S.Stanley et al. Chemosphere v.20 p.895-901 (1990). [22] Dioxin Risk - Are We Sure Yet?. ( p.24A-25A ) EPA's Dioxin Reassessment. ( p.26A-28A ) EPA on the Right Track ( p.29A-30A ) EPA Assessment Not Justified ( p.31A-32A ) ES&T v.29 p.24A-32A. ( January 1995 ) [23] Dioxins in U.S.Food and Estimated Daily Intake A.Schecter et al. Chemosphere v.29 p.2261-2265 (1994) [24] Cherry red and very dangerous R.Edwards New Scientist. 29 April 1995. p.4-5 [25] The Super Stain Book J.Cassimatis. Lansdowne ISBN 0 7018 1727 5 (1984) [26] Removing Stains from Fabrics Home and Garden Bulletin No. 62 Science and Education Administration United States Department of Agriculture (1978) [27] Stain Removal from Fabrics by Home Methods Dept. of University Extension. Otago University (NZ). Whitcoulls (1977) [28] Surface pretreatment for phosphoric acid-based rust removers M.Svoboda and B.Knapek Product Finishing v.22 p.41-46 (1969) [29] Permeability of Commercial Solvents Through Living Human Skin C.Ursin, C.M.Hansen, J.W.Van Dyk, P.Jensen, I.J.Christensen, J.Ebbehoej. Am.Ind.Hyg.Assoc.J. v.56 p.651-660 (1995)
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